Biblical Literature NOTES Essay

Biblical Literature NOTES Essay Biblical Literature NOTES Essay Reliability of Scripture- Walter J. Harrelson Debates have raged within the churches with regard to the reliability of this biblical text in its various forms The bible can be said to be reliable if it can be reasonably claimed that is contents as preserved through centuries are what the original writers spoke and said The consensus of biblical scholarship is that readers do indeed have reason to accept current translations of the bible as close approximations to what the biblical authors said and wrote ïÆ'   because the bible is based upon centuries of study of the actual manuscripts of the biblical books, collected and preserved in libraries museums and other repositories around the world The Hebrew text: Hebrew bible (old testament) is available on two complete leather codicesïÆ'   ancient manuscripts in book form dating to the early 10th and early 11th CE. Leningrad codexïÆ'   exact same copy of the OT is available to scholars in printed form Alepo codexïÆ'   makes up a good portion of the OT but some of it has not survived. Codices are what make up the OT dead sea scrolls was a milestone in biblical studies and research Cave 1 findingsïÆ'   provided evidence of the care that harnessed the meaning and texts of the bible ( meaning wasn’t lost) However dead sea scrolls also proved that there were variationsïÆ'   manuscripts found in the dead sea area differs considerably from the medieval biblical codices. Scholars through the centuries have noted the difference between medieval Hebrew text of the Hebrew bible and the text that lies behind the Greek translation made in Egypt by the 2nd century. Other dead sea copies have a text that differs from both the medieval Hebrew and the LXX texts, a phenomenon that has led: 1. some scholars to propose that there exists a fixed text of the Hebrew scriptures in Egypt from which the LXX stems , another fixe text developed in Babylonia from which the medieval Hebrew tradition comes and a third text not so fixed developed in Israel/Palestine 2. other scholars think of a single fixed text of the Hebrew scriptures, completed no later than the 2nd cent. BCE with the text traditions of Egypt Babylonia and Israel/Palestine preserving variations from that single text The Jewish bible consisted of three distinct parts: 1. the law or teaching (Torah) 2. the prophets 3. the writings Masoretes: scholars who continued to work on standardizing the spelling, vocalization, and the arrangement of the text for public reading By 800CE the Hebrew text was fully vocalized (what it is today) Translation of the Hebrew text: Started as early as the 5th century BCE By the 3rd century BCE the largest Jewish community in Egypt found the need to have the Torah translated into Greek which had become the dominant language in the entire eastern Mediterranean world The importance of the greek translation for the early Christian community is unmistakable pauls letters quote from the greek translation and in general the NT shows that the greek OT was more readily at hand for its writers than was the Hebrew bible The Greek new testament: The NT books were written in Hellenistic greek, a development from the classical Greek of earlier times. Most of the lit. was written down during the 1st century although only fragments of NT books are available from as early as the 2nd cent CE manuscripts of the entire NT, which also contain the OT and the apocrypha, date to the middle 4th cent CE and soon thereafter In some churches these apocryphal writings are highly valued treated almost as scripture in the life and piety of the community The Apocrypha: Biblical texts not considered genuine/ not part of the accepted canon of scripture The texts of some of the apocryphal books is as well preserved as the text of the OT and NT Their popularity declined due to the standardization of Hebrew scripture Modern and Contemporary Translations of the Bible: The authorized or kings James version of the bible published in 1611 came to be the

Financial Statement Essays

Financial Statement Essays Financial Statement Essay Financial Statement Essay Amply, also known as bitter melon, is a crawling vine that grows well in tropical countries, particularly in the Philippines. The term amply refers to both the plant and its fruit, which is elongated, green and has a rough and rumpled skin. Known for its bitter taste, the amply is at once a staple ingredient in Filipino and Asian cuisine and a reliable home remedy for various illnesses, particularly diabetes. Amply has long been a popular part of many Asian vegetable dishes. Although the bitterness of bitter melon might turn some people away from it, it can really sweeten health because of its disease preventing and health promoting photo chemical compounds. Amply is rich In Iron, potassium, beta-carotene and other nutrients. Aside from Its role as a healthy food, amply Is especially valued by bathetic for Its known anta-adulates properties. Amp Jam Is made out of bitter gourd and special sweeteners which can also be served to diabetic people. Many diabetic people suffer from their sickness which also affects their eating habit; diabetic people are not suitable to eat sweet food because it can affect their blood sugar. Jam and candies is one of the foods that can put diabetic people into trouble. Amp Jam is the solution for their craving in sweet foods, delivering a smooth sweet yet bitter food that is good for diabetic people and children who do not eat vegetables. Nature of EDP Amp Jam Is the name of the product and It Is manufactured. The name Amp is derived from Its mall Ingredient which Is the amply. What made the product delectate for others that It Is made with a nutritious vegetable called the amply. It undergoes a complex process, especially ingredients in a tolerable level to make it distinctive from other varieties of Jam. Objectives of the Project This project aimed to apply all the knowledge gained by the researchers in their past subjects in business management program through conducting an actual business practice. Specifically, it aims to: 1. Apply the skills and knowledge of the proprietor in operating a business; 2. Utilize the bitter gourd in the production off healthy and nutritious Jam; 3. Produce a Jam that can also be served also for diabetic people and; 4. Determine the profitability of the Enterprise Development Project. Time and Place of the Project Amp Jam sales operation is thrice a week: Monday, Wednesday, Friday based on the distribution strategy and per order of the customers. Productio n time will start at 6:00 a. M. 1 1 a. M. Operation of the business commenced on the fourth week of January antitrust week of March 2013. Figure 1. Location of the enterprise Amp Jam was manufactured in Bulk 43 Let 24 Brag. : San Miguel I, Disarming City, Cavity. And the alternative store is in San Sister Labrador, I Disarming City, Cavity, Disarming Town Proper, Disarming City, Cavity and Cavity State University Emus- Campus. Organization and Management The Owners/General Managers of the Earnest Enterprise are This is a general partnership wherein they both bond the overall capital needed for the business to operate. The name of the enterprise comes from the owners name, Era and Kenneth. Ms. David is in charge of handling the accounting and inventory of the products, while Mr.. Graded is in charge of the marketing process, creating promotional activities in the selling process of Amp Jam. The term marketing mix refers to the four major areas of decision making in the marketing process that are blended to obtain the results. The four elements of the marketing mix are sometimes referred to the four As of marketing. The marketing mix shapes the role of marketing in doing a business and in making a profit. Each element in the marketing mix, product, price, promotion, and place consists of numerous sub elements. Earnest Enterprise used marketing mix, which was the basis of their strategies in pricing placing, producing and promotional aspects of the product as it was launched in the market. Since it is a newly introduced product in the market, marketing aspect is a must in order to get the target market consumption. The marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of the target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions. In order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of nonusers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors. Target Market. The target market of Earnest Enterprise are those health-conscious people and diabetic patients who retrain from eating sweet foods. Competition. Jams are commonly consumed as filling in bread. Unlike other fillings, Amp Jam can be served to any health conscious person who wants to avoid sweet fillings that can affect their blood sugar. Figure 4. Indirect competitors of Amp Jam The above figure shows the direct competitor of Amp Jam which are Clara Ole and Philippine Brand. These are locally manufactured in which they produce different rarity of Jam, like Strawberry Jam, Mango Pineapple Jam, Mango Jam, Pineapple Jam, Guava Jam, Coconut Jam and Orange Marmalade Jam. The products of Clara Ole weigh at egg at the price of 74. 50 while the Philippine Brand products weigh at egg at the price of 99. 50. Product. Amp Jam would be very beneficial for all ages and sexes. If served with bread, it will become a heavy meal that is a good substitute for lunch and snack. Since many people perceive its bitterness, Earnest Enterprise had of changing their views on its bitterness the moment they taste Amp Jam. Amp Jam an solve their liking in sweet foods. Figure 5. Amp Jam Figure 6. Logo of Amp Jam The Amp Jam logo is composed of four colors which are the red, yellow, green, and black. These colors are appropriate in the product line because Red is attention- getting to the eyes of the buyer. Yellow means cheerfulness and fun which is good for promoting the product. Green symbolizes health and healing and Black symbolizes protection and comfort, it is good to apply color black in a product to ensure its safety. Price. Price is one of the four As in the marketing mix and is yet another weapon in the marketing armory. Price penetration is a marketing strategy used by firms to attract customers to a new product or service. Penetration pricing is the practice of offering a low price for a new product or service during its initial offering in order to attract customers away from competitors. The reasoning behind this marketing strategy is that customers will buy and become aware of the new product due to its lower price in the marketplace relative to rivals. Penetration pricing can be a successful marketing strategy when applied correctly. It can often increase both market share and sales volume.

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example These days a lot of weapons with large magazine capacities are available on the market. The gun models used for this most recent Aurora shooting have been revealed by the local police chief but it is claimed that talking about the gun model just happens to be a distraction as â€Å"when it comes to weaponry and mass shootings, the issue to focus on is magazine capacity† (Barrett). Now though the gun-control advocates might shift focus to call for controlling the large magazine capacity weapons at a national level, another sad bit is that it is quite tough to ensure that the names of all the emotionally and mentally sick people exist in the background-check system that one goes through when buying guns. However, laws should be passed to limit gun possession further as â€Å"unstable individuals should not have access to any kind of weapon† (Thornburgh). Concluding, this much becomes clear that the pattern of opening fire in a public place has not led to successful gun control policies which could be implemented nationally. Instead of obsessing about which gun models to confiscate and which to sell, focus should be shifted to the magazine capacity and identification of the mentally sick people. Barrett, Paul M. â€Å"After Aurora: Gun Control, One More Time.† BloombergBusinessweek. 20 Jul. 2012. Web. 14 Aug. 2012.

Discuss the control of transcription in prokaryotic cells Assignment

Discuss the control of transcription in prokaryotic cells - Assignment Example They possess flagella which accounts for the motility of some prokaryotes. These organisms do not contain intracellular membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and lysosmes. The size of their ribosomes is 70S which is small as compared to that of eukaryotic cells. The most important and distinguishing feature of prokaryotes is regarding their genetic material. They possess both DNA and RNA but their DNA is single stranded. Their genetic material does not lie in a nucleus rather in a nucleoid which does not have a nuclear membrane and consists of DNA which is in a circular form and is loose. The DNA of the prokaryotes is double stranded. This DNA is also not folded and arranged around histones. The prokaryotes do not contain sterols except for one exception which is Mycoplasma Bacterium which contains them. Prokaryotes are organisms which can survive in extreme conditions as for example at temperatures ranging as high as 80 degrees centigrade. The formation of RNA from DNA is termed as transcription. This process is very essential because it is this RNA which then codes for amino acids and hence proteins. The process of transcription is accomplished by an enzyme known as RNA polymerase. The strand of the DNA that is transcribed is in the 3’ to 5’ direction. Hence the transcript that is formed in the opposite direction that is 5’ to 3’ direction. This is because the RNA polymerase functions in the 3’ to 5’ direction on the DNA creating a complementary strand on RNA in which the Adenine always pairs with Uracil whereas the guanine always pairs with the the cytosine. Prokaryotic cells contain only one type of RNA polymerase. This RNA polymerase only is responsible for the formation of all the different types of RNA in the prokaryotes which includes the mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. RNA polymerase has a distinguishing quality that it can initiate the process of

Economics of Exchange Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics of Exchange - Research Paper Example Contextually, the Senior Leadership Team (SLT) had been focused on keeping the entire manufacturing process in-house, concerning which the management presumes that out-sourcing certain elements of its production system or rather its supply chain system shall be beneficial for the company to satisfy the augmenting demand. With due concern to the above mentioned aspects regarding the outsourcing initiatives of BlueJay, this essay would intend to present a workbook for weekly staff meetings which is intended to be held in the 30 days period of recommending the outsourcing plan. Hence, the objective of the workbook would be to develop adequate understanding amid the supply chain management team regarding the background of the decision and evaluation to be taken. The proposed workbook will thus address the economic aspects of value and utility (i.e. the concept of economics of exchange) in relation to decision making process to render a better knowledge of economic as well as financial el ements related with the company’s upcoming decision. Workbook The workbook is scheduled for a 30 days period describing the aspects to be covered in 4 weekly staff meetings. ... Correspondingly, the last meeting will be held to obtain feedbacks and evaluate the understanding of the staffs which would assist them in contributing efficiently to the overall outsourcing process. Economics of Exchange Today, when there is a price tag hanging on every element which can be a part of a transaction, the concept of economics of exchange becomes quite apparent. It is often regarded as the process of serving commodities in exchange of a value, particularly in monetary terms. Thus, it can be affirmed that the concept of economics of exchange is based on the process of transaction which further tends to determine the balance between the customers’ requirements and the company’s capacity. It is often described as a transaction process through which the firm intends to serve its customers with the notion of earning value for the commodities offered (Williamson, 2008). In relation to BlueJay’s current economic conditions, the SLT of the firm’s sup ply chain management have proposed the strategy of outsourcing related to which, a number of researches are to be conducted for making effective decisions with concern to the quality as well as cost of the products. This in turn is likely to influence the economics of exchange in the supply chain process of the company where it is required to make decisions with regards to the quantity of in-house production, quantity of products to be outsourced, prices and the risks which are connected with the suggested procedure. It is expected that the outsourcing will assist the firm in reducing the cost of production for the goods and will also assist in meeting excessive demand from the customers. On the

The impact of Christian Religious Education Essay Example for Free

The impact of Christian Religious Education Essay Introduction: The context of studying religious in a society such as ours, Christian religious educations give me the opportunity to learn from religion (Christian religion) in an organized Manner. From my perspective, Christian religious education aims to support and develop my religious identity by giving me the opportunity to participate at Christian religious practices. Religious education like Christianity involves religious practices such as praying, caring for others, and dealing with the challenges of life. In these practices I see Christian religious education as an inspirational reality of God’s teaching; the only reliable tool that I rely on in the time of difficulties and challenges. The concepts of God, creation, redemption, or eternity are concepts that are difficult to understand unless with faith and the teaching of Christian religious education. From this standpoint, progress in Christian religious education refers to my participation at religious practices in a more proficient way. The aim of this paper is to get a clear view on the significance of studying Christian Religious Education and its impact on me as an individual. Growing up as a Kid: As a kid growing up I attended Catechism classes (first Holy Communion and Confirmation), as far as going to the seminary (Catholic seminary) after my graduation from high school. I attended catechism classes and was taught the Catholic doctrines and other Christian beliefs. Therefore, Christian religious education has impacted my life and my personal growth. Consequently, learning through religious education enables me to: Develop my knowledge and deepen my understanding of the Christian faith, especially my Catholic faith and other Christian beliefs. It helps me understand the relevance of the Catholic faith and the meaning of life. It fosters the values, attitudes and practices which are well-suited with my faith as Christian. Christian religious education develops my skills of reflection, critical thinking, and how to act in accordance when making moral decisions. It nurtures my prayer life as an individual. It helps me understand and appreciate significant aspects of other Christian traditions such as observing lent, the practice of station of the cross and advent season. The observance of all of these makes a positive difference to my Christian life and put my beliefs and values into action. The Influence of Christian Religion Education on me: The impact of Christian religious education on me is that it transfers Christian moral values and norms to me as person or individual growing up to become responsible and appreciating myself and others. It teaches me the actual duty of a Christian and acquaints me with religious practices and obedience to authorities in the neighborhood, homes, state and in the universal society. Christian religious education helps me to develop the knowledge and understanding of Christianity and especially, the catholic doctrine. Christian religious education specially the catholic doctrine have taught me some religious norms and it values and has encouraged me to learn from various religious beliefs, values and culture while at the same time, focusing my own beliefs regarding my religion. My study at the seminary and catechism classes has also help me to be mature personally and socially as well as refining my judgments and decisions on religious, moral and social issues, preparing me for life in a secular society. During my time in primary school I can clearly recall that Christian religious education in the context of catholic religious teachings popularly known as â€Å"doctrine† in catholic schools was a compulsory subject for us. It was mandatory subject, not an optional one. In fact anyone who could not pass doctrine in St. Francis high school (Pleebo, Maryland County) is assumed not to be able to do well or pass other subjects. As the result, Christian religious education gave me a stronger sense of my identity and it made me to know my place in the world that I live in through Christian religious and ethical teaching. Christian Religious education guides me through my spiritual journey. It motives me and helps me been focus on my spiritual life. If I don’t understand what I am implementing in my life, then I will end up losing focus in my Christian activities. Christian Religious education aids me in instructing me how to understand the existence of God and how to obey his commands. Christian Religious education assists me in keeping me from doing the wrong things and repeating the same mistakes over and over again. It instructs me to obey authorities and follow the teaching of the scriptures, so that I may teach the little one or my own kids the ways of life of my religion (Christian) and how to follow it teachings. Encourages me to look more into what I accept as true and reflect on that spiritual knowledge. It helps me understand the Word of God as expressed in the Christian scriptures and especially the teachings of the Catholic Church. And considering how situations can affect the way that I understand things in my lives and the world around me. Reflecting on the Catholic beliefs that my life has meaning, therefore, the essence of Christian religious education is to help me to value the teachings of the scriptures and that which God reveals in our lives. It helps me recognize such knowledge and understand issues which are never fully realized except in actual relationships with the scripture (God) or teaching of Christian religion education. It helps me truly develop and engage common issues in concrete actions. Why Christian Religion Education Matters to me? Christian Religious education makes a distinctive contribution to my well-being. It promotes my moral, social and above all my spiritual, development. It prepares me for societal challenges and future responsibilities. Religion and beliefs inform our values and are reflected in what we say and how we behave. Christian Religious education try to explain or give meaning to challenging questions about the ultimate meaning and purpose of life, beliefs about God, and the nature of reality, issues of right and wrong and what it means to be human. It develops my knowledge and understanding of the nature of religion and belief including Christianity, and other principal religious issues, such as the TRINITY, (three persons in one God). God the FATHER, God the SON and God the HOLY SPIRIT, philosophy that are difficult to understand. Christian religious education offers me the opportunities for personal reflection and spiritual development. It enhances my awareness and understanding of Christianity and beliefs, teachings and practices. Christian religious education had impacted my life, to be more precise, it helps me to understand issues of faith and the existence of God. There are things I cannot do because of my beliefs and faith. I cannot take away human life, because I have value for other and the life of people. I cannot encourage abortion or homosexual arts. Taking away other life is murder, murder is a crime. Christian religious education, specially my doctrine (catholic doctrines) forbids that. And Christian religious educations help enhance and foster my beliefs. Therefore, my value of God is deepening. Christian religious education today is vital. As the issue of extremism emerges, I begun to wonder how these people lost their moral direction and they have turn against society in the name of religion. One might want to look to their religion as one aspect of what shaped their thinking. Instead of judge them; I extend forgiveness, because my religion (Christianity) teaches me how to forgive. After all, Christ said in the Bible â€Å"he who is without sin should cast the first stone. † Christian religious education is priceless. Christian religion offer open debate about all moral and ethical points of view. It is open to free debate, unlike other religions which forbids open discussion of some critical issues. In order to combat ignorance, Christian religious educations enlighten my mind. It causes me to act as detects by the scripture or my doctrine. The reason a society falls is its lack of morality. Christian religious education taught me about morality, ethics and to love others, even if they don’t act very loving toward me. The skills, understanding and knowledge acquired from Christian religious education during my seminary and catechism class’s days, couple with my Christian ethics class at AMEU is very necessary. They help to broaden my knowledge and positively sharp my thinking to be mature in my attitudes. Christian religious educations help me to be open minded, value for others and self understanding. Experiencing self-assurance about my own beliefs and identity and increasing my perception of my religious, moral and spiritual ideas. Conclusion: In conclusion to this paper, I will say Christian religious education from all angle and from all area of society has shown without any doubt its significance on me as individual and society cannot be ignored. Christian Religious Education has prove to make available openings for spiritual expansion in the course of helping me to think about and act in response to questions of meaning and function in life, and questions about the s existence of God and morals in human society; to consider and react to critical issues especially issues of morality and real challenges of life. This has helped me to make clear and knowledgeable decision on religious and moral issues. Our society today is face with many moral issues, such as same sex marriage know as gay marriage and the issue of abortion. Christian religious education has helped to develop my sense of character and belonging, preparing me for life as individual in society. It gives me consciousness and understanding of my beliefs, including practices and values of Christianity. Christian Religious Education is a tool that strengthen my ethical attitude and values, including choices and behavior and my believed toward abortion, drugs and homosexuality. Bibliography: Novak, M. (2001): On Two Wings: Humble Faith and Common Sense. Fagan, P. F. (2006): The Impact of Religious Practice, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1064, [2] Brown, D. R. , and Gary, L. E. (1991): An Empirical Assessment, Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 60, No. 3.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optimisation Techniques

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optimisation Techniques We have to use different techniques to optimise our website. Our main focus will be on how to reduce the size of the webpage and script execution time. This, in turn, will definitely improve the user experience as well as reduce the load on the servers. The images and graphical interfaces occupy the maximum storage size on the webpage. Therefore we need to compress the images and the scripts in an effective manner that wont affect functionality and quality of the website. First we need to simplify the design of the website, reducing the number of HTTP requests. JavaScript and CSS can be minified by removing comments and space characters from the code. Furthermore we can make java script and CSS external which can be cached by the browser. Post Load and Pre Load components can be set, which will make the user experience better by initially loading the important content and then loading the remaining content. Ultimately we can optimise loops which will reduce the script execution time. Specific Optimisation Techniques to be used for the Website The different optimisation techniques are: Minimise HTTP requests Add an expiry or a cache control header Put scripts at the bottom Remove duplicate scripts Make Ajax cacheable Post load components Pre load components Make JavaScript and CSS external Reduce DNS Lookups Minimise HTTP requests The majority of the time taken when a page is loading is a result of HTTP requests. Reducing the number of components will thus reduce the number of HTTP requests required to render the page. This is the key to faster loading pages. Combined files are a way to reduce the number of HTTP requests by combining all scripts into a single script, and similarly combining all CSS into a single stylesheet. Discussing the decisions for each page We will use some techniques which will be applicable on all the pages. Style sheets will be placed at the top and scripts at the bottom of the webpage. AJAX, JavaScript and CSS made cacheable. CDN servers will be used and redirects, 404 errors, and empty image source avoided. GET will be used for AJAX requests and also make efficient use of pre and post load components. The complete JavaScript code and CSS will be minified. The Home page is the one which should be fast, attractive and interactive. The Home page will make up the rapport of your website. In order to make it attractive we need to use different images, CSS, graphical interfaces and flash content. Images and graphical interfaces are bigger in size so we will scale them and try to convert them into a more suitable format such as Portable Network Graphics (.png). The users login page, discussion page, upload page and modify page will be much simpler than home page but they will contain lots of videos and images with the description. Thus, we can just remove the white space characters from their code reducing the size of the webpage and optimising the images. Videos are too big in size so we will not upload it on our server. We will use YouTube or other free video upload sites and embed the link on our webpage. Product Catalogue will contain all the images of the product that can be searched and sorted by category and brands. The loops will be optimised for faster search and sorting. Business information, current employees and product information will contain the detailed textual description with images of what we do, what we sell and who works in our company. All this information is static, so we will cache the information and optimise the images. Q2. Client side security issues are an extremely important component of any web-based application. Introduction Client side security is one of the most important topics in internet security. All the information which has been downloaded from servers is stored on the clients machine. All the site preferences as well as your login details are stored as cookies on the local machine and we need to keep those files safe from hackers. We use different antiviruses and firewalls on the local machine, however they are not as efficient as they should be. JavaScript and AJAX are the most vulnerable languages for most of the current web-based exploits like Trojans, viruses, etc. [1] (Uta Priss, 2012, Advanced Client-Side Security:What many users do not know, From http://www.upriss.org.uk/awt/lec4a.pdf) In this document we will look at the major threats, type of client side attacks and some strategies for minimising those risks. Problem Domain Nowadays internet is a basic necessity of day to day life. We are so dependent on internet these days. Everything from paying our electricity bills to international business meetings we do online. All our bank details are on our local machine which is vulnerable to hackers. For this reason do we need a secure system to work safely online. Whenever we use internet our local system stores the information from the server which contains your preferences, form data and the history of the webpages you viewed. How do hackers operate..? Hackers try to bypass the firewall and gain inappropriate access to local host resources. There are more chances to breach the security of the firewall when the hacker and the host are on the same network because request for resources originating within the network can be trusted more than request originating from outside the network. (Bidgoli Hossein , Wiley John Sons, (2006) Hanew Jersey, John Wiley Sons) Issues One of the most widely used languages for website development, JavaScript, is not secure. JavaScript is an open scripting language which means anyone can manipulate it and change its function. The JavaScript security model attempts to protect the user from websites that may be malicious and is not designed to protect the website owner. It cant protect data sent from the browser to the server and there are limits on what the page author can control via JavaScript whilst it is being executed within the browser. The success of JavaScript is also however the reason why attackers have targeted and leveraged the technology as a means to compromise the systems and reek untold grief for clients. JavaScript has been used to perform attacks that involve redirects, downloading of content, or even revealing details about a victims system.[2] Now we will discuss some attack strategies such as XSS (Cross Site Scripting), CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery) and introduce some prevention measures to i mprove the security of the website. XSS Cross-Site Scripting attacks are a type of injection problem, in which malicious scripts are injected into the otherwise benign and trusted websites. Cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks occur when an attacker uses a web application to send a malicious code, generally in the form of a browser side script, to a different end user. Flaws that allow these attacks to succeed are quite widespread and occur anywhere a web application uses input from a user in the output it generates without validating or encoding it. An attacker can use XSS to send a malicious script to an unsuspecting user. The end users browser has no way to know that the script should not be trusted, and will execute the script. Because it thinks the script came from a trusted source, the malicious script can access any cookies, session tokens, or other sensitive information retained by your browser and used within that site. These scripts can even rewrite the content of the HTML page. Prevention measures: Validate, filter, and sanitise all input Process output response stream data through encoding Many modern browsers will attempt to detect an XSS attack and notify the user CSRF CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) is an attack which forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which he/she is currently authenticated. With a little help of social engineering (like sending a link via email/chat), an attacker may force the users of a web application to execute actions of the attackers choosing. A successful CSRF exploit can compromise end user data and operation in the case of a normal user. If the targeted end user is the administrator account, this can compromise the entire web application. Prevention measures: Implement strong XSS mitigations Use Tokens to verify expected user actions Hidden form value fields E.g., RoR ASP.Net MVC provide framework support Use POST for any actions that alter data on server side Is the idempotent web paradigm for HTTP GET compromised? Check HTTP Referrer Most modern browsers include features to palliate the following attacks: Phishing Attacks Spyware Malicious websites Adware Destruction or corruption of data or configuration Theft of configuration information Installation of malware Theft of information and identification (Oriyano Sean-Philip and Shimonsk Robert,(2012)Client Side Attacks and Defense, USA, Elsevier, Pg 130) Conclusion In summary, we discussed the major client side scripting attacks, preventive measures and the most vulnerable languages. Client side scripting attacks are effective in taking the personal information of the user. However, if we play smart we can extenuate and avoid those attacks in the first place by making some changes in our firewall settings and not clicking on suspicious links. Prevention is always preferred over a cure for the problems being faced for a normal user in this unprotected web environment. As programmers, we should make appropriate use of the AJAX commands and code the website in such a way as to make it more reliable and harder to alter. Lastly, JavaScript is the most popular language and will remain so in coming years. In light of this, we should make efficient use of the primary functions and the libraries to make it less vulnerable to attacks.