Womens Rights Movement in the US Essay -- Womens Liberation Movemen

Women’s Liberation Movement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Betty Friedan wrote that â€Å"the only way for a woman, as for a man, to find herself, to know herself as a person, is by creative work of her own.† The message here is that women need more than just a husband, children, and a home to feel fulfilled; women need independence and creative outlets, unrestrained by the pressures of society. Throughout much of history, women have struggled with the limited roles society imposed on them. The belief that women were intellectually inferior, physically weaker, and overemotional has reinforced stereotypes throughout history. In the 1960s, however, women challenged their roles as â€Å"the happy little homemakers.† Their story is the story of the Women’s Liberation Movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle for women’s rights did not begin in the 1960s. What has come to be called â€Å"Women’s Lib† was, in fact, the second wave of a civil rights movement that began in the early 19th century. This first wave revolved around gaining suffrage (the right to vote). Earlier women’s movements to improve the lives of prostitutes, increase wages and employment opportunities for working women, ban alcohol, and abolish slavery inspired and led directly to the organized campaign for women’s suffrage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movement towards women’s suffrage began in 1840 when Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton went to London to attend a World Anti-Slavery Society Convention. The were barred from attending and told to sit in a curtained enclosure with other women attendees if they wished to meet. This incident inspired Mott and Stanton to organize the First Women’s Rights Convention which was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Three hundred women and some men came. The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, which stressed equality among men and women and also listed grievances, like women’s lack of voting, property, marriage, and education rights, was written at the convention and signed afterwards. This event inspired other conventions, like the first National Women’s Rights Convention in 1850, and the formation of organizations, like the National American Women’s Suffrage Association in 1890, both of which aided the fight for wo men’s suffrage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After women got the right to vote in 1920, the most devoted members of the women’s movement focused on gaining other rights for women. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, w... ...elped them to acquire more positive self-images and more desirable roles in society. This consciousness was a significant aspect and legacy of the Women’s Liberation Movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact of the Women’s Liberation Movement is still with women today, as is the movement itself. Women have the right to vote in most nations and are being elected to public office at all levels of government. Women defy current stereotypes, and those of past generations, by becoming educated and self-aware. Women raise families by themselves and hold positions in all ranks of the workforce. Despite the many disparities that still exist among women and men in America and the rest of the world, women have come a long way. The Women’s Liberation Movement was, and continues to be, a fight for women’s equality in a world run predominately by men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WORKS CITED Eisenberg, Bonnie and Mary Ruthsdotter. â€Å"The National Women’s History Project.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   23 May 2004. Schultheiss, Katrin. â€Å"Women’s Rights.† Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   23 May 2004. Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States 1492-Present. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HarperCollins, 1995.

How effective was Richard III as a king from 1483 †1485? Essay

At first, to associate Richard II with effectiveness seems an odd thing to do. He is a king with one of the shortest reigns in English history. He came to a violent end and his death was not only the end of the Yorkist dynasty, but also an end to the male line of the Plantagenet dynasty that had been on the throne since Henry VI in 1154. Richard III has always been one of the better-known losers of history, with an appalling reputation for excessive ambition and ruthlessness. He was also in the only king to die in battle with the exception of Harold II (Godwinsson) in 1066. On the other hand, there is some evidence of his being an effective monarch. He was an active and hardworking king who wanted to se his ideas firmly established across England. He was also a pious man with a well-used book of hours. He had ability as a soldier and administrator. He also courted popularity by many means. He was dedicated to the promotion of justice, especially for the poor. This was shown in a proclamation issued in Kent following the 1483 rebellion, â€Å"the king’s highness is fully determined to see due administration of justice throughout his realm†¦and to reform, punish and subdue all extortions and oppressions the same.† In addition to the proclamation, Richard also showed his desire to enforce law and order with equality by supplications. This meant access to law was opened up to people who could previously not afford it. Richard’s first act as king was to deliver a strict lecture to his judges in Westminster Hall on the impartial administration of justice for all his subjects. Another way of improving his popularity was to abolish benevolences, which had been greatly resented during Edward IV’s reign. This began to happen when, after his coronation, he went on progress around and made a point of declining benevolences offered to him, stating that he would not practice the extortions of his brother’s reign. The official abolition occurred in 1484. He also established the College of Arms in 1484 and transferred Henry VI’s remains to Windsor, a political gesture, showing that he was respectful towards the dead. Although Richard III had a fairly narrow power base, he did use patronage effectively, especially towards the nobility. This can be shown by his generosity to the duke of Norfolk. His rewards included his duchy, his share of the Mowbray inheritance and the estates of the earl of Oxford. Another nobleman who benefited from Richard’s patronage was the duke of Buckingham, who was amply rewarded for his involvement in Richard’s usurpation, receiving the constableship of England among other things. Richard III showed his courage and his ability to use his powers as king in the speed of his suppression of the 1483 rebellion. The uprising occurred in October in the counties south of the Thames, led by former servants of Edward IV. The duke of Buckingham joined it at a later stage. Large parts of the south were rebelling for over a month, but although the rebellion was serious and threatening, it failed. This was largely due to Richard’s vigilance and effective use of spies. He used the duke of Norfolk to crush the rebels in the South East, and concentrated his own efforts effectively against Buckingham. Due to a combination of Buckingham’s failure to raise support from his tenantry, an exceptional storm that kept him trapped in Wales and his betrayal in Shropshire, Buckingham was brought to Salisbury under Richard’s power and executed in December 1483. In two months the rebellion had been effectively quashed. An important measure of good kingship is the domestic government. Richard continued and developed the Yorkist system of government, including the chamber system begun by his brother, Edward IV. He continued the policy of recovering lapsed feudal dues and improved the Crown’s demesne through forfeiture. He was particularly vigilant in the promotion of law and order as explained previously, establishing the master of requests, John Harrington. He also established the Council of the North to fill the power vacuum he had left under his nephew, the earl of Lincoln. This meant that no one noble was given extreme power, thus limiting opposition to the crown. However, there is an equal amount of evidence suggesting that Richard III was an ineffective king. Although some aspects of his domestic government were strong, as explained in the previous paragraph, his foreign policy was largely unsuccessful. This is shown by the fact that Henry Tudor gained foreign backing to enable him to invade England in 1485. Part of Richard’s failure was due to bad luck. He had inherited a conflict with Scotland and strained relations with the French, as a result of the treaty of Arras in 1482. The situation was worsened after the death of Louis XI because a situation similar to that before Richard’s usurpation had arisen. The French Government did not want noblemen attempting usurpations after being in contact with Richard III, so shut down relations further. By making a truce with Brittany, Richard III suggested the possible renewal of the Triple Alliance and a possible English invasion to the French Government, which increased their hostilit y. Although Richard III continued and developed the chamber system that had proved so effective during Edward IV’s reign, however, his expenditure was greater than his income and he had growing financial problems by 1485. He was frequently accused of wasting the surplus gained in his predecessor’s reign, although Edward’s military expenses, his funeral and Richard’s own coronation, had considerably reduced it. By 1485 it was necessary for him to request loans from his greater subjects, which were largely not granted and deeply resented. There is also another side to the argument concerning the 1483 rebellion. Richard’s speedy reaction to the rebellion meant that a lot of the danger was reduced; however it did continue to have a detrimental effect on his authority and power-base throughout his reign. Many of the rebel leaders had escaped and crossed the channel to join Henry Tudor in Brittany forming a court in exile. This turned Henry Tudor into a more serious threat and lost Richard a great deal of support. The rebellion also signified the failure to project himself as Edward’s natural successor due to the high number of his brother’s servants who rebelled. Therefore he attempted to impose his rule upon the southern subjects by putting members of his northern retinue in positions of power in the South. This only served to increase resentment as the southern gentry felt these positions were rightly theirs. Only one member of the southern gentry fought with Richard III at the battle of Bosworth. Richard failed to swing the opinions of the â€Å"super-magnates† in his favour. These were a few very powerful men scattered around the country whose support really mattered. This can be shown with the earl of Northumberland. Although he was instrumental in Richard’s rise to power he wasn’t given power over the North as he had expected, and was under the control of the Council of the North chaired by the earl of Lincoln who was an outsider to northern affairs. Thomas Lord Stanley was also important by his ability to change sides at the most opportune moment. Due to Richard III’s failure to firmly secure Lord Stanley on his side, Stanley intervened at the battle of Bosworth at a crucial time against Richard and aided in his loss of the battle. Propaganda was another weak area of Richard’s kingship, which is demonstrated by the ineffectiveness of his 1484 act. This was meant to confirm the validity of Richard III’s claim to the throne and act as proclamation against Henry Tudor. This stated the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV was invalid; therefore any children were illegitimate; that the children of Clarence were debarred from the succession by his attainder; condemned the government of Edward IV due to the Woodville influence, described as harmful to English security, immoral and corrupt. Very few of Richard’s subjects believed the content of the proclamation and it did no good to Richard III’s popularity. Although some of the problems during Richard’s reign were doubtless caused by his personal mistakes almost all of them were reinforced by bad luck. For example, the breakdown of relations with France was already begun in Edward’s reign due to the bitterness caused by the terms of the Treaty of Arras. There is another argument that Richard III could never be a truly effective king due to the nature of his rise to power. This idea means that he was not ineffective because of his own personal abilities but his actions in 1483 meant he faced continual opposition from the day he seized power. Despite how historians have attempted to justify Richard’s usurpation, it was unique in the murder of his nephew’s, showing an extreme level of naked aggression, which shocked even the most hardened of hearts. Although all usurpations have a certain aspect of aggression and ambition, Richard alone isolated so many key groups and is essential the only failed, not establishing his dynasty successfully, usurpation in English history. The case against Richard III concerning the princes in the tower is extremely strong. The rumours concerning their death were politically harmful to Richard III and could easily be scotched by producing the Princes. However, Richard failed to ever offer any alternative evidence to their disappearance. His only counter-argument was under the pretext of protecting them, which did not satisfy his subjects. This lack of faith in Richard III led to the emergence of a Tudor-Woodville alliance as an alternative leadership. Many important members of the English gentry joined the Tudor-Woodville alliance, notably Buckingham when he joined the 1483 rebellion. More members of the gentry joined Henry Tudor in Brittany following the rebellion, as Richard did not succeed in executing the leading rebels. This led to the creation of an alternative court in Brittany allowing Henry Tudor to build up his support base and strengthen his position. Many contributing factors led to Richard II’s failure to widen his power-base. Although he had a very large retinue, who he relied on implicitly, it was too narrow a political base to be secure. This was partly due to Richard’s own personality; he was a suspicious man in general, generous to those who earned his trust, but unwilling to let many close to him. However it was also due to the hostility of a large portion of the population towards him. Richard was never popular in the south and many others could not overcome their personal worries about his self-serving ambition. This meant he was entrapped within the narrow base of his northern support. Although I have explained previously in this essay many ways in which Richard III attempted to win popularity, none seemed to work. The methods employed by Richard, when other kings in history had used them did succeed in gaining support, so it was not due to Richard’s own effectiveness or ineffectiveness. Again the opposition towards him appears to have been based on the events of 1483 where his actions were interpreted as desperate, ruthless and hypocritical. It was not only his supposed murder of his nephews that caused resentment, people in the City of London were also against his murder of Lord Hastings during his time as protector, and uproar was only prevented through the use of Richard’s retinue. Overall I believe that Richard III was ineffective as a monarch between 1483 and 1485. However, this is not wholly because of his individual character, but mainly the events and singularly ambitious nature of his usurpation that he could not conquer by any means. As A.R. Myers said in England and the Late Middle Ages â€Å"Had he come to the throne in the normal way, his ability†¦might have given him a long and successful reign. As it was†¦[his] qualities were not enough to overcome the formidable hostility to him.†

The eNotes Blog Scientists Determine Publication Date of TheIliad

Scientists Determine Publication Date of TheIliad Homers Iliad codex from approximately the late 5th-early 6th century A.D. Image: Public Domain Evolutionary theorist Mark Pagel (University of Reading) and his colleagues, geneticist  Eric Altschuler (Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey) and linguist  Andreea Calude (also of Reading as well as  Ã‚  the Sante Fe Institute in New Mexico) have dated   one of literatures most ancient works,  The Iliad,  to 762 B.C. give or take fifty years. You might be surprised to learn that scientists have applied the same techniques used to track how genes mutate to dating the codex.  Languages behave just extraordinarily like genes, Pagel says. It is directly analogous. We tried to document the regularities in linguistic evolution and study Homers vocabulary as a way of seeing if language evolves the way we think it does. Pagel and his team explained to  Inside Science  how the process worked: [We] used a linguistic tool called the Swadesh word list, put together in the 1940s and 1950s by American linguist Morris Swadesh. The list contains approximately 200 concepts that have words apparently in every language and every culture, Pagel says. These are usually words for body parts, colors and necessary relationships like father and mother. [Then we] looked for Swadesh words in the Iliad and found 173 of them. Then, [we} measured how they changed. [We] took the language of the Hittites, a people that existed during the time the war may have been fought, and modern Greek, and traced the changes in the words from Hittite to Homeric to modern. It is precisely how [we] measure the genetic history of humans, going back and seeing how and when genes alter over time. The other thing that researchers have determined is that a single person named Homer is unlikely to have existed.   Brian Rose, professor of classical studies and curator of the Mediterranean section at the Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum, says it is clear the Iliad is a compilation of oral tradition going back to the 13th  century B.C.   Rose contends that The Iliad is an  amalgam of lots of stories about Helen, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Ajax, and others that focused on conflicts in one particular area of northwestern Turkey. While researchers are unsure about the authorship of  The Iliad,  they are relatively certain that the city of Troy actually existed and think they know where it was located, thanks to the nineteenth century work of two  archaeologists,  Heinrich Schliemann and the Frank Calvert, who excavated the Citadel of Troy and found evidence of a battle. Schliemann and Calvert dated the conflict to the twelfth century b.c. but whether the artifacts are from the epic war described in  The Iliad  or are the  remnants of a civil war remains unclear.

Foreign Language Importance In Elementary School

Foreign Language Importance In Elementary School Free Online Research Papers The ultimate goal in many classrooms is to be communicate in meaningful and appropriate ways. In United States, American students get the opportunity to learn a second language in high school, yet it has been proven that children learn better when they are young. Some schools are taking this opportunity to teach a foreign language to elementary students. The United States may be the only nation where it’s possible to complete elementary and secondary schooling without completing any foreign languages. In some countries, such as Europe, Africa and Asia, teachers within public elementary schools are required to teach two or three different languages, usually English and French, to their students. Many schools within European and Asian countries teach two languages to their students before they enter high school. In America, students are introduced to a foreign language in high school where it is difficult for them to master a second language. I believe, that elementary schools should include foreign languages in their curriculum as well, in order to allow younger students to get familiarize with foreign languages at early age, because its proven that young kids have more tendency to learn and recognize languages then older kids. And it has so many and advantages throughout the world. As we all know, that the youngest brains have the greatest aptitude for absorbing language and that someone who is bilingual at all young age will have an easier time learning a third or fourth language later on. Compared with adults or even high school students, young children are better be able to learn foreign languages with near-native pronunciation or mimic the subtle tones of Mandarin. Children should start learning a foreign language in kindergarten and continue through high school. Learning languages helps increase listening ability, memory, creativity and critical thinking- all of which are thinking processes that increase learning in general. In addition to developing thinking skills, foreign language study exposes children to other ways of looking at the world. For some people, who consider foreign language study in elementary school a frill, I think that foreign language education supports the core curriculum. Foreign language instruction uses themes that support the ele mentary curriculum including math, science, social studies and language arts. Correlation studies show students who have had several years of foreign language do better on SATs, particularly the verbal part. Becoming fluent in foreign language takes years, although children tend to absorb foreign languages more easily than older students and adults. The importance of an uninterrupted sequence of foreign language study in grades K-12 to gain the level of proficiency needed to communicate with people around the world in other languages. Starting early can translate into an advantage in the work force, too. The work force has an increased demand for people who can speak foreign languages at a sophisticated level. This is not limited to the corporate world. Employers are looking for mechanics, social workers and medical professionals, too. Parents are also becoming more aware of the value of early language to the cognitive learning of the child. But, most of the legislators are still in the mindset of twenty five years ago, not recognizing what neurologist have lave learned about what learning language does for the brain. If their child’s elementary school does not offer an early foreign language program, I think that parents learn about programs in the elementary grades used by other school system. I believe that, school administrators have to think out of the box and look at foreign language study as a regular part of the curriculum. Effective language instruction needs to involve more than colors, numbers an d shapes. The advantages of learning a foreign language in today’s world are a lot, studying a foreign language is very helpful because of the diversity that we have in our country. You could run into a person of another culture that speaks another language almost anywhere and it will help if you can communicate with them easily. As we know that, some countries like Canada and some countries in Africa have French as a primary language, it would be nice to get to know these foreign languages to be comfortable in our neighboring countries. It also helps a person at a job level that understands multiple languages as these can be used as skills towards ones work requirements. There is an another advantage of knowing a foreign language, because if a person is planning on further education in college, it is a requirement to at least two foreign language credits to get accepted. Foreign languages also helps a person in his or her job careers. Because if a company ask the employee to fly across seas for international trades or company partners, a foreign language will really helps in communicating with other people. All these are some important aspects to incorporate foreign languages in elementary school curriculum. Because it helps a young student to grow up in today’s global village. We all know that what would happen if nations spoke only their national language. International communication would not be possible. It is quite hard to imagine such a world. Therefore it is necessary to study a foreign languages to communicate in with the world. And I believe that when is as young as five years old, he/she has more learning and recognizing ability then a high school student. Research Papers on Foreign Language Importance In Elementary SchoolStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoTwilight of the UAWEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export Quotas

Hundred Years war essays

Hundred Years war essays The Hundred Years War was similar to that of the Civil War in my opinion. It was said to have been started by the English king, Edward III. In 1328 when Charles IV, king of France died without a male heir, Edward III claimed the throne via his mother who was Charles IV sister. The French however choose the first cousin of Charles IV, Phillip VI of Valios over Edward III. Edward III was a vassal of Phillip. He held several sizable French territories as fiefs from the King of France. The biggest reason in my opinion for the Hundred Years War was the conflict over Flanders. Flanders was an area under French rule that manufactured cloth that was Frances main industry. France depended on wool, which came from England. Edward III had all exporting of wool stopped. This affected both England and France because the French were unable to make money from the cloth and the English were unable to make money from selling the wool. This sparked urban rebellion by merchants and the trade guilds. A ngry over this event they organized a revolt, led by Jacob van Artevelde, against the French and in 1340 signed an alliance with England acknowledging Edward III as king of France. For the next six years Edward led several battles with the French and in 1356 the English won their greatest battle, were they took the French king, John II captive back to England. This caused a complete breakdown of political order to France. Money got so tight that the peasants were forced to pay an increase in taxes and to fix war damaged properties without compensation. The peasants grew tired of this mistreatment so they revolted. In 1360 England forced the Peace of Bretigny on the French, which declared an end to King Edwards vassalage to the king of France. It also affirmed Edwardss sovereignty over English territories in France. France agreed to pay a ransom of three million gold crowns for the release of John II. In return, Edward renounced his claim to the French...

Prayer in Public schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prayer in Public schools - Essay Example The United States was established on freedom, and one of the freedoms was the freedom of worship or religion. America’s forefathers knew that there had to be a distinction between state and church. This allowed US citizens to practice any religion they chose and they would be no interference from the government. An overabundance of court cases has ruled that having school prayers is unconstitutional. Whereas, having school prayers funded by the administration is constitutional (Oak 1). Moms in prayer are among various groups that hold school prayers. Whereas, the Union of American Civil Liberties is opposed to school prayers. Prayers in school are a debate that has been ranging on since the 1960’s with the milestone case of Engle v. Vitale. This case found that the school wide petitioned prayer narrated by its students was unconstitutional. Various litigation ensued this ruling, whereby the school funded prayer was prohibited, such as during graduations and sporting events. Those that are for school prayer will argue that it allows for religious freedoms and brings back morality within schools (Oak 1). In addition, it allows students to express their right of the First Amendment. Those that are opposing school prayer will argue that one religion may go in contradiction of other religious opinions, with prayer the feeling of religion will be pushed upon them against their beliefs and that goes against their constitutional rights, and not everyone believes in a God. In conclusion, the issue â€Å"Should school prayer be allowed?" is proved justifiably to be "Yes, school prayer is permissible within particular considerations." In actuality, the question is usually an opinionated struggle to attain legislative authority by spiritual groups who wish for a selected system belief. This opinionated resistance does not deduce well into a limited disparity for or against school

Type of Foundation Depending On the Ground Conditions Assignment - 1

Type of Foundation Depending On the Ground Conditions - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the problem with the chalk is that it is highly porous and its structure contains excessive voids in it. Hence there is a high possibility of water transmission through chalk layers. In case the water table rises there will be no obstruction offered by chalk therefore it will reach the foundation level and eventually enter the structure; this is why we are using trench fill, as we know concrete is a compact and non porous material it will give water and damp proofing to the foundation and walls as well as structural stability as well and eventually there is very less settlement. The other reason for the trench fill foundation is the presence of clay which has expansive and swelling properties when water enters it, due to this property whenever the clay comes in interaction of water it bulges and swell hence produces an uplift pressure which results into a danger of differential and localized movement of foundation wh ich leads to stresses and instability in the structure. This problem is largely minimized with trench fill footing in which reinforced concrete component counteracts the uplift force hence no settlement is seen. Then another rationale which makes the choice of trench fill detrimental is the foundation depth restriction which is made by the chalk layer at 1m depth and as a result now we can not go to greater depths for foundations and have to select a foundation that sustains the load within this 1 m, in that case, we are left with no other solution but to select trench fill foundation. In a different part of the site, the ground conditions are very different with a soil of poor and uneven bearing capacity. This essay also explores what type of foundation should be used in this location. Now the problem in this situation is the soils weak bearing capacity and less strength to sustain loads without letting them penetrate or move. There are two solutions to this problem one is to chang e the soil in that area with a suitable soil but that is not going to be the option here. On the other hand, another solution to the problem can be to somehow to reduce the load on the soil so that it can support the structure and for that reduction in the load we are going to use a different type of foundation which would be the Mat foundation.